Given the importance of earthworms in soil ecosystems, coupled with the simultaneous presence of HMs and pesticides in most ecosystems, evaluating the effects of soil contaminants on earthworms as a biological indicator is of paramount importance. The effects of these pollutants should be studied concurrently, and the utilization of mathematical indicators and models can aid researchers in achieving this objective. According to findings from various studies, HMs and pesticides often exacerbate each other’s effects. Consequently, the management of pesticide and chemical fertilizer usage is imperative to mitigate their impacts on earthworms and other soil organisms. To this end, environmentally friendly methods such as the application of organic fertilizers and the implementation of physical and biological pest control measures can be employed in lieu of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Furthermore, by optimizing their consumption, timing, and application methods, it is possible to curb their proliferation in the ecosystem and minimize their adverse effects. Some researchers also advocate for the use of transgenic crops resistant to pests as a means to diminish the necessity for pesticide and chemical fertilizer usage.
