Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major global health challenge, characterized by impaired blood glucose control and an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Non-pharmacological management of this disease is crucial, particularly for middle-aged individuals. While exercise is an established strategy for improving glycemic control, determining the most effective type and combination of exercises for this population requires further investigation. This study examines the effects of a combined exercise program on key diabetic control and physical fitness indices in middle-aged men with T2D. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 middle-aged men (45-55 years) with T2D were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). The experimental group performed a combined exercise program, consisting of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on a stationary cycle and resistance training with elastic bands, three times per week for 12 weeks. The control group received only standard lifestyle advice. Indicators including hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, aerobic capacity (VO₂max), and body composition (body fat percentage and lean muscle mass) were measured and compared before and after the intervention period. Results: After 12 weeks, the experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in all measures compared to the control group. Mean hemoglobin A1c decreased from 7.8% to 6.9% (p < 0.01). Significant reductions were also observed in fasting blood glucose and body fat percentage. Conversely, indices of insulin sensitivity, aerobic capacity (VO₂max), and lean body mass increased significantly in the experimental group. No significant changes were observed in the control group. Conclusion: The findings indicate that a 12-week combined exercise program (HIIT and resistance training) can serve as a powerful non-pharmacological intervention, leading to significant improvements in blood glucose control, body composition, and physical fitness in middle-aged men with Type 2 Diabetes. Integrating this form of exercise into standard care plans for these patients can substantially contribute to reducing disease complications and enhancing their quality of life.
