Background: Each person's microbiota is a vast population of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, in various parts of the body that interact beneficially with the body's cells and tissues and play an important role in health and reducing the risk of disease. However, the microbiome has significant effects on human health and the development of diseases, including cancer. Objective: In this study, we review the current findings of lung cancer microbiome studies. Cancer-specific microbiomes can be introduced as potential markers and therapeutic targets. Given the critical role of the microbiome in cancer progression and diagnosis, it would also be valuable to examine the microbiome of lung cancer tissues. Context: Numerous studies have demonstrated the essential roles of the microbiome in health and disease by modulating signal transduction, metabolism, maintaining tissue homeostasis, and immune responses. Microbiomes can serve as potential microbial markers of lung cancer and may contribute to tumor genesis. Disruption of the lung microbiome appears to be a causative factor in the development of lung cancer. The role of fungi and viruses in lung cancer is also still unknown and may serve as promising biomarkers, but there is evidence linking bacteria such as Veillonella and Prevotella to lung cancer, which may act as risk factors. Conclusion: Due to the environmental variability in patients' bodies, it is difficult to obtain universal biomarkers for lung cancer, so microbiome studies can help diagnose cancer in patients with lung cancer.
