This book chapter explores the synthesis methods and sustainability applications of three main types of carbon allotropes: activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. The focus is on their use in supercapacitors, energy storage devices, and carbon dioxide removal. The three main carbonaceous minerals are being used in very promising ways to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, store energy, and cleanse water. The excessive dependence of contemporary civilization on fossil fuels has led to alarmingly elevated levels of carbon dioxide emissions, which have profound adverse consequences on the environment, such as global warming and climate change. Long-term solutions revolve around transitioning to sustainable energy sources. However, due to the versatility of carbon-based fuels, they will continue to have a position in the market. Scientists argue that chemically converting carbon dioxide into valuable products is the most effective method for controlling CO2 emissions, even if conventional carbon capture and storage systems have been used for many years. Significant advancements in cutting-edge materials research are required to overcome the primary barrier hindering the development of such technologies. Other advantages include the cost effectiveness of carbon-based material sources, the simplicity of their production, and their environmentally friendly usage. Carbonaceous compounds such as activated carbons, graphene, and carbon nanotubes have shown remarkable effectiveness in mitigating environmental pollutants and addressing energy issues. These three carbonaceous materials possess remarkable mechanical robustness, extensive specific surface areas, and outstanding electrical conductivity, granting them distinctive adsorption capacities for energy storage, water purification, and gas cleansing. This research investigates the methods used to create carbon nanotubes, graphene, and activated carbons to improve environmental sustainability. Additionally, it explores the primary applications of these substances in energy storage, supercapacitors, and the collecting of carbon dioxide gas.
