This paper investigates the spatial distribution of various forms of potassium (K), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) with ordinary kriging, and Inverse Weighting Distance (IDW) interpolation methods in a specific region. A total of 76 soil samples were randomly collected from the study area at a depth of 0–30 cm. The concentrations of different forms of K, available P, S, and total N percentage were determined. Spatial variability analysis and mapping was done by using GS+ and Arc GIS softwares, respectively. In order to determine the accuracy of the estimation of interpolation methods, the standard data and statistical criteria including Mean Absolute Error, Mean Square Error, Root Mean Square Error and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were used. The results reveal significant variability in nutrient concentrations across the region, with coefficients of variation ranging from 20.7 to 99.7%. Exchangeable K demonstrated a significant positive correlation with cation exchange capacity (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.30) and clay percentage (p < 0.01, r2 = 0.50). Non-exchangeable K (p < 0.01, r2 = 0.42) and structural K (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.25) also exhibited significant positive correlations with the percentage of clay. The results of the interpolation estimation indicated that ordinary kriging is more suitable than the IDW method and exhibits lower error rates. The study determined that the exponential model was selected as the final kriging estimation for all nutrients, except for available P, for which the spherical model was chosen. The nugget-to-sill ratio indicates varying levels of spatial dependence, with soluble K showing strong dependence, other forms of K, N, and S displaying moderate dependence, and available P exhibiting weak dependence. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the actual data values and the kriging-estimated values for soluble K, structural K, and S was significant at the 0.01 level. For exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K, available P, and total N, the significance level was 0.05. Zoning maps created using ordinary kriging and exponential models reveal that soluble K concentrations vary across the region, with the southern and southeastern areas exhibiting the highest levels, indicating potential fertilization needs. Exchangeable K concentrations show moderate variation and can meet the K absorption requirements of plants, particularly in agricultural areas. Pasture regions have a high native soil K content, which reduces the need for mineral K fertilization. N deficiency is observed in both land uses, necessitating targeted fertilizer recommendations based on crop requirements. Deficiencies in available P and S are noted in the eastern and northern regions, particularly in pasture areas, requiring management interventions. The results provide valuable guidance for making informed decisions regarding fertilization practices, land use management, and addressing nutrient deficiencies in various regions.
