The release of essential nutrients from soil minerals for plant growth in calcareous soils, facilitated by organic extractants, is critical in semi-arid areas, particularly for elements affected by high soil pH. This study aims to investigate the release of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) through the application of wood vinegar extract in surface calcareous soils in Borojerd City, Lorestan Province, Iran. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included soils from three different land uses: vineyard, wheat field, and rangeland, each treated with 1.00% wood vinegar solution. Cumulative measurements of the specified elements were recorded over 10 consecutive 0.5 h intervals. The release data were analyzed using four various kinetic models (Elovich equation, parabolic diffusion law, power function equation, and zero-order kinetics). The highest concentrations recorded were for Ca (39,500.00 mg/kg), Mg (5880.00 mg/kg), and P (5.00 mg/kg) in grape cultivation. The findings revealed a significant difference in Ca release between grape cultivation and rangeland (P<0.01), while the Mg release showed a significant difference between both grape cultivation and rangeland and wheat cultivation (P<0.01). Additionally, the cumulative release of P showed significant differences between grape cultivation and both wheat and rangeland (P<0.01). The results indicated that the zero-order kinetics provided the best fit for the data (R2=0.99). The maximum initial release amount was observed in grape cultivation when applying the zero-order kinetics, while the highest release rate was achieved using the parabolic diffusion law across three applications. Wood vinegar had the capacity to degrade various clay minerals, including vermiculite, smectite, palygorskite, and, to some extent, illite, resulting in the release of associated elements. Consequently, it can be concluded that wood vinegar can be effectively utilized in grape cultivation as an agent for reducing soil acidity, thereby enhancing the availability of soil nutrients and decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers.
