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چکیده
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The present study aimed to develop a protocol for hairy root induction from Dracocephalum moldavica L.leaf explants and evaluate the effects of iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) (0, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm), copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) (0, 25, 50 and 100 ppm), and the combination of both (Fe/Cu NPs) on the antioxidant capacity, phenolic, flavonoids and rosmarinic acid content of hairy roots. Hairy root induction in D. moldavica was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) influenced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains, culture media and, sucrose concentration. The highest hairy root induction (86/6%) was related to the ATCC15834 strain on Murashige and Skoog culture medium supplemented with 30 g l− 1 sucrose. The individual and combined effects of the Fe and Cu NPs on the measured traits were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01). The highest amount of rosmarinic acid (26.38 mg/g DW) was obtained in the Cu NPs (100 ppm) with Fe NPs (1000 ppm) treatment, which was 6.6-fold higher compared to the control. The highest amount of flavonoids, malondialdehyde (MDA), phenolic compounds, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline, and anthocyanin production was obtained in the Cu NPs (100 ppm) + Fe NPs (1000 ppm) treatment that was 1.86, 1.56, 1.76, 2.07, 1.62, and 1.65-fold higher compared to respective control. Correlation and principal component analysis revealed a clear separation between the treatment groups and control, and also a positive correlation between rosmarinic acid production and other traits. The findings of this study indicated that the best results were obtained with the combined effect of Cu NPs (100 ppm) with Fe NPs (1000 ppm) treatment.
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